Some key ideas for the next generation of disability activists
In this post, author and disability advocate Dr Peter Gibilisco offers a perspective on the role of affirmative action as a policy approach to promote inclusion of people living with disabilities. This post originally appeared on the Pearls and Irritations blog.
1. Meritocracy
Meritocracy is a belief that seems to me to still be alive and well in the senior management of disability support. It also seems to drive many aspects of public policy, particularly when appeals are made to “equal opportunity”.
Advocates of a meritocratic approach to disability policy are still assuming that the base-line principle should be that people get out of the system what they put into it. That is why they seek to remove any barriers to people with disabilities’ “putting in”. It is a political vision – often articulated in terms of free market principles – that wants a future based on merit. Hence “meritocracy” (rule by those who gain merit) and is an alternative to aristocracy (the rule by those who inherit land), or more recently to a class-based “luck” of being born in the right place at the right time. But in 1998, Michael Young argued in an article titled Meritocracy Revisited, “meritocracy is even worse than aristocracy because it attempts to acquire plus points because it connotes power and privilege as merited rather than born with”.
His book in 1958 titled, The Rise of Meritocracy was a satire (this means a system based on merithas unforeseen consequences that will eventually makemobility from one place in the social system to another even more restricted), and Young has a negative view of “meritocracy”. In recent years he has felt compelled to criticise “new Labour” because of its meritocratic commitment as advocated by the “third way” policies of the Tony Blair Labour Government in the UK(1998-2007). Anthony Giddens, the renowned political academic and Blair supporter argues that any meritocratic form of equity is flawed, creating deep inequalities of outcome that threatens social cohesion. Likewise Roy Hattersley, British Labour Party MP, was of the view that meritocracy only offers shifting patterns of inequality, unfairly exalting the rich, while condemning the poor to false hopes of individualised social mobility.
My argument is that, public policy with respect to the involvement of people with disability in “mainstream society” must be as much about “affirmative action” as it is with “equal opportunity”. So what kind of “affirmative action” am I proposing?
My requirements for affirmative action
I am the beneficiary of a higher education system which has been required by law to make room for people with disabilities like myself. But it needs to be remembered that such requirements were put in place in a context where higher education was re-oriented, making it compatible with job training for a post-industrial society. A university degree may look like evidence that people with disabilities have been given an “equal opportunity” to compete but when I think about my own life and experience I conclude that for “equal opportunity” to be a reality, “affirmative action” has to be taken to a new level. This will involve a totally new understanding of “mutual obligation”.
What do I mean? We need universities that will recognise that their mutual obligation to contribute is institutional and is not simply a matter of granting space in courses to individuals. That obligation is not completed merely by granting degrees and then every year thereafter sending out brochures inviting such highly qualified alumni (including disabled alumni) to give generously to the university’s noble cause. Such brochures might feature people in wheelchairs dressed up for graduation but my point is that if that is all the university’s “mutual obligation” then it means that they are simply in the game of making disabled graduates into celebrities!
In future, when severely disabled students get as far as I was lucky to get, I hope universities can give space to ensure such graduates can indeed “give back” as part of post-doctoral and ongoing research programmes. What I am concerned about is the development of genuine policy for the severely disabled and, in particular, policies that will seek to meet needs that arise from progressive disability.
For example, my disability Friedreich’s Ataxia, is a chronic disease that will severely worsen over time (it is a progressive disability). Where medical treatment is the promotion of the “old-motto” that states, “if you do not use it you lose it”, such an ideology has the well known and acclaimed view that to improve help and improve deterioriating co-ordination medical action is needed to strengthen muscles. Somehow, assistance for those with progressive conditions – as with an individual with Friedreich’s Ataxia – is needed if they are to gain some “elbow room” in life. This is simply to affirm the importance of ongoing medical research not just to keep people alive but to assist in the social and public contributions of people with progressive debilitations.
So what I’m trying to articulate is something about the importance of developing a medical research consciousness that will reckon with the need of finding ways to assist in the attainment of work related skills and sustain them, as long as possible for those like myself with Friedreich’s Ataxia and similar progressive conditions. In my opinion and based on my own research results, there is no doubt that affirmative action, applied rightly, can deliver appropriate chances for people with severe and progressive disabilities to have a go at life.
In my view it is the political economy, driven by a radical free market agenda that is a fundamental source of the problems faced by people with disabilities. The theoretical problem faced by researchers like myself, as we seek to clarify our critique and set forth alternative policy, is to show how the problems faced by people with disabilities are directly related to prejudicial or discriminatory attitudes.
The market driven system routinely puts profits before people’s well-being and so when employers are faced with “equal opportunity” demands for employment they will characteristically assume that they will have to make room for lowered productivity, higher costs and greater hurdles to work-place efficiency (when employing severely disabled graduates). The point is that a small business may have an owner who is very sympathetic but who will go to the wall if margins are not properly managed.
2. Affirmative Action
So then it is necessary to look again at what is assumed with “affirmative action” legislation. This political and policy approach requires positive steps to be taken to promote and maintain equal employment opportunity for socially defined population groups – in terms of gender, disability, age, and race – whose participation rates are reduced or non-existent due to – what might be called – “structural factors”. Legislation stipulates that active steps be taken to promote equal opportunity. It is not just about compliance with the (anti-discrimination) legislation which seeks to eliminate unequal treatment of individuals. The goal of affirmative action is to eliminate disadvantages for which those having to endure discrimination in the workforce and at any workplace that cannot be held responsible. Affirmative action programs seek to appeal to an entire polity’s responsibility to counter the impacts of any “structural discrimination” upon socially defined groups. Thus “affirmative action” requires employers to take active steps to provide equal employment opportunities for groups subjected to discrimination in employment.
Frank Stilwell and other advocates of affirmative action also argue that it is about much more than merely a redistribution of income. It is about life chances. People with disabilities often experience the contraction of their life chances simply because unjustified stereotypes are not put to the test of truly critical examination. Their life chances are often already diminished and to challenge the stereotype seems to require a change of cosmic proportions. But legally enforceable affirmative action for people with disabilities can mandate that positions be filled by a certain percentage of prospective employees with disabilities.
Still, it should be noted that this approach has faced challenges, not only from the private sector and from government, but also from within the disability rights movement itself. There is a deep suspicion that an unanticipated consequence of Affirmative Action will be the promotion of discriminatory stereotypes and stigmas within the workforce. Are people with disabilities to be hired merely because it is regulated that employers do so? Can a campaign mandating a “politically correct” attitude root out discriminatory stereotypes? It is assumed that, in the long run, this legally enforceable political correctness will promote the employment of people with disabilities as a societal norm.
The pragmatic wisdom of Marta Russell concerning the employment of people with disabilities is identified in the following quote (cited in Hershey 2000):
The free-marketer elements in the disability movement decided that all we needed was an “equal opportunity”, as opposed to affirmative action to remedy past patterns of discrimination. I think that was a huge mistake. It would definitely be revolutionary to make corporations hire us, and to prevent corporations from firing employees upon disablement. Affirmative action may be only incrementalist reform – which admittedly does not solve the question of full employment – but it has gotten some results for other minorities.
In other words, Russell identifies the concept of equal opportunity, in terms of its antidiscrimination focus, with the competitive market system, creating a regulated need for “affirmative action”.
That is, a person with a disability’s theoretical right to a public accommodation is really no right at all; it is still dependent upon the employer’s cost-benefit analysis. The bottom line in private business is to accumulate profits and pay the costs involved in making them. The political economic context of free market capitalism, and the promotion of the market by neo-liberal and third way policy, provides a significant obstacle to the implementation of affirmative action policies.
Dr Peter Gibilisco won the Emerging Disability Leader of the Year Award in 2007 after receiving his Doctorate in Sociology. He has written extensively on disabled people's place in society--more information can be found on his website. This post originally appeared on Pearls and Irritations.